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1. Macbook Pro 15' 2.16 GHz Intel Core Duo, Mac OS X (10.6.4) Posted on Sep 9, 2010 9:27 PM.
2. Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard, released on October 26, 2007, was the biggest change to Mac OS X since Apple first released OS X 10.0 in March 2001. For the first time, a version of OS X was certified as Unix, and the new unified appearance makes Leopard friendlier and less confusing for users.

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If you are developing daemons to run on OS X, it is highly recommended that you design your daemons to be launchd compliant. Using launchd provides better performance and flexibility for daemons. It also improves the ability of administrators to manage the daemons running on a given system.

If you are running per-user background processes for OS X, launchd is also the preferred way to start these processes. These per-user processes are referred to as user agents. A user agent is essentially identical to a daemon, but is specific to a given logged-in user and executes only while that user is logged in.

Unless otherwise noted, for the purposes of this chapter, the terms “daemon” and “agent” can be used interchangeably. Thus, the term “daemon” is used generically in this section to encompass both system-level daemons and user agents except where otherwise noted.

There are four ways to launch daemons using launchd. The preferred method is on-demand launching, but launchd can launch daemons that run continuously, and can replace inetdfor launching inetd-style daemons. In addition, launchd can start jobs at timed intervals.

Although launchd supports non-launch-on-demand daemons, this use is not recommended. The launchd daemon was designed to remove the need for dependency ordering among daemons. If you do not make your daemon be launched on demand, you will have to handle these dependencies in another way, such as by using the legacy startup item mechanism.

Launching Custom Daemons Using launchd

With the introduction of launchd in OS X v10.4, an effort was made to improve the steps needed to launch and maintain daemons. What launchd provides is a harness for launching your daemon as needed. To client programs, the port representing your daemon’s service is always available and ready to handle requests. In reality, the daemon may or may not be running. When a client sends a request to the port, launchd may have to launch the daemon so that it can handle the request. Once launched, the daemon can continue running or shut itself down to free up the memory and resources it holds. If a daemon shuts itself down, launchd once again relaunches it as needed to process requests.

In addition to the launch-on-demand feature, launchd provides the following benefits to daemon developers:

• Simplifies the process of making a daemon by handling many of the standard housekeeping chores normally associated with launching a daemon.

• Provides system administrators with a central place to manage daemons on the system.

• Supports inetd-style daemons.

• Eliminates the primary reason for running daemons as root. Because launchd runs as root, it can create low-numbered TCP/IP listen sockets and hand them off to the daemon.

• Simplifies error handling and dependency management for inter-daemon communication. Because daemons launch on demand, communication requests do not fail if the daemon is not launched. They are simply delayed until the daemon can launch and process them.

The launchd Startup Process

After the system is booted and the kernel is running, launchd is run to finish the system initialization. As part of that initialization, it goes through the following steps:

1. It loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand system-level daemon from the property list files found in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/ and /Library/LaunchDaemons/.

2. It registers the sockets and file descriptors requested by those daemons.

3. It launches any daemons that requested to be running all the time.

4. As requests for a particular service arrive, it launches the corresponding daemon and passes the request to it.

5. When the system shuts down, it sends a SIGTERM signal to all of the daemons that it started.

The process for per-user agents is similar. When a user logs in, a per-user launchd is started. It does the following:

1. It loads the parameters for each launch-on-demand user agent from the property list files found in /System/Library/LaunchAgents, /Library/LaunchAgents, and the user’s individual Library/LaunchAgents directory.

2. It registers the sockets and file descriptors requested by those user agents.

3. It launches any user agents that requested to be running all the time.

4. As requests for a particular service arrive, it launches the corresponding user agent and passes the request to it.

5. When the user logs out, it sends a SIGTERM signal to all of the user agents that it started.

Because launchd registers the sockets and file descriptors used by all daemons before it launches any of them, daemons can be launched in any order. If a request comes in for a daemon that is not yet running, the requesting process is suspended until the target daemon finishes launching and responds.

If a daemon does not receive any requests over a specific period of time, it can choose to shut itself down and release the resources it holds. When this happens, launchd monitors the shutdown and makes a note to launch the daemon again when future requests arrive.

Important: If your daemon shuts down too quickly after being launched, launchd may think it has crashed. Daemons that continue this behavior may be suspended and not launched again when future requests arrive. To avoid this behavior, do not shut down for at least 10 seconds after launch.

Creating a launchd Property List File

To run under launchd, you must provide a configuration property list file for your daemon. This file contains information about your daemon, including the list of sockets or file descriptors it uses to process requests. Specifying this information in a property list file lets launchd register the corresponding file descriptors and launch your daemon only after a request arrives for your daemon’s services. Table 5-1 lists the required and recommended keys for all daemons.

The property list file is structured the same for both daemons and agents. You indicate whether it describes a daemon or agent by the directory you place it in. Property list files describing daemons are installed in /Library/LaunchDaemons, and those describing agents are installed in /Library/LaunchAgents or in the LaunchAgents subdirectory of an individual user’s Library directory. (The appropriate location for executables that you launch from your job is /usr/local/libexec.)

For more information: For a complete listing of the keys, see the launchd.plist manual page.

For sample configuration property lists, look at the files in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons/. These files are used to configure many daemons that run on OS X.

Writing a “Hello World!” launchd Job

The following simple example launches a daemon named hello, passing world as a single argument, and instructs launchd to keep the job running:

In this example, there are three keys in the top level dictionary. The first is Label, which uniquely identifies the job. when. The second is ProgramArguments which has a value of an array of strings which represent the tokenized arguments and the program to run. The third and final key is KeepAlive which indicates that this job needs to be running at all times, rather than the default launch-on-demand behavior, so launchd should always try to keep this job running.

Listening on Sockets

You can also include other keys in your configuration property list file. For example, if your daemon monitors a well-known port (one of the ports listed in /etc/services), add a Sockets entry as follows:

The string for SockServiceName typically comes from the leftmost column in /etc/services. The SockType is one of dgram (UDP) or stream (TCP/IP). If you need to pass a port number that is not listed in the well-known ports list, the format is the same, except the string contains a number instead of a name. For example:

Debugging launchd Jobs

There are some options that are useful for debugging your launchd job.

The following example enables core dumps, sets standard out and error to go to a log file, and instructs launchd to temporarily increase the debug level of its logging while acting on behalf of your job (remember to adjust your syslog.conf accordingly):

Running a Job Periodically

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The following example creates a job that is run every five minutes (300 seconds):

Alternately, you can specify a calendar-based interval. The following example starts the job on the 7th day of every month at 13:45 (1:45 pm). Like the Unix cron subsystem, any missing key of the StartCalendarInterval dictionary is treated as a wildcard—in this case, the month is omitted, so the job is run every month.

Monitoring a Directory

The following example starts the job whenever any of the paths being watched have changed:

An additional file system trigger is the notion of a queue directory. The launchd daemon starts your job whenever the given directories are non-empty, and it keeps your job running as long as those directories are not empty:

Emulating inetd

The launchd daemon emulates the older inetd-style daemon semantics if you provide the inetdCompatibility key:

Behavior for Processes Managed by launchd

Processes that are managed by launchd must follow certain requirements so that they interact properly with launchd. This includes launch daemons and launch agents.

Required Behaviors

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To support launchd, you must obey the following guidelines when writing your daemon code:

• You must provide a property list with some basic launch-on-demand criteria for your daemon. See Creating a launchd Property List File.

• You must not daemonize your process. This includes calling the daemon function, calling fork followed by exec, or calling fork followed by exit. If you do, launchd thinks your process has died. Depending on your property list key settings, launchd will either keep trying to relaunch your process until it gives up (with a “respawning too fast” error message) or will be unable to restart it if it really does die.

• Daemons and agents that are installed globally must be owned by the root user. Agents installed for the current user must be owned by that user. All daemons and agents must not be group writable or world writable. (That is, they must have file mode set to 600 or 400.)

Recommended Behaviors

To support launchd, it is recommended that you obey the following guidelines when writing your daemon code:

• Wait until your daemon is fully initialized before attempting to process requests. Your daemon should always provide a reasonable response (rather than an error) when processing requests.

• Register the sockets and file descriptors used by your daemon in your launchd configuration property list file.

• If your daemon advertises a socket, check in with launchd as part of your daemon initialization. For an example implementation of the check-in process, see SampleD.

• During check-in, get the launch dictionary from launchd, extract and store its contents, and then discard the dictionary. Accessing the data structure used for the dictionary is very slow, so storing the whole dictionary locally and accessing it frequently could hurt performance.

• Provide a handler to catch the SIGTERM signal.

In addition to the preceding list, the following is a list of things it is recommended you avoid in your code:

• Do not set the user or group ID for your daemon. Include the UserName, UID, GroupName, or GID keys in your daemon’s configuration property list instead.

• Do not set the working directory. Include the WorkingDirectory key in your daemon’s configuration property list instead.

• Do not call chroot to change the root directory. Include the RootDirectory key in your daemon’s configuration property list instead.

• Do not call setsid to create a new session.

• Do not close any stray file descriptors.

• Do not change stdio to point to /dev/null. Include the StandardOutPath or StandardErrorPathYosemite el capitan sierra. keys in your daemon’s configuration property list file instead.

• Do not set up resource limits with setrusage.

• Do not set the daemon priority with setpriority

Although many of the preceding behaviors may be standard tasks for daemons to perform, they are not recommended when running under launchd. The reason is that launchd configures the operating environment for the daemons that it manages. Changing this environment could interfere with the normal operation of your daemon.

Deciding When to Shut Down

If you do not expect your daemon to handle many requests, you might want to shut it down after a predetermined amount of idle time, rather than continue running. Although a well-written daemon does not consume any CPU resources when idle, it still consumes memory and could be paged out during periods of intense memory use.

The timing of when to shut down is different for each daemon and depends on several factors, including:

• The number and frequency of requests it receives

• The time it takes to launch the daemon

• The time it takes to shut down the daemon

• The need to retain state information

If your daemon does not receive frequent requests and can be launched and shut down quickly, you might prefer to shut it down rather than wait for it to be paged out to disk. Paging memory to disk, and subsequently reading it back, incurs two disk operations. If you do not need the data stored in memory, your daemon can shut down and avoid the step of writing memory to disk.

Special Dependencies

While launchd takes care of dependencies between daemons, in some cases, your daemon may depend on other system functionality that cannot be addressed in this manner. This section describes many of these special cases and how to handle them.

Network Availability

If your daemon depends on the network being available, this cannot be handled with dependencies because network interfaces can come and go at any time in OS X. To solve this problem, you should use the network reachability functionality or the dynamic store functionality in the System Configuration framework. This is documented in System Configuration Programming Guidelines and System Configuration Framework Reference. For more information about network reachability, see Determining Reachability and Getting Connected in System Configuration Programming Guidelines.

Disk or Server Availability

If your daemon depends on the availability of a mounted volume (whether local or remote), you can determine the status of that volume using the Disk Arbitration framework. This is documented in Disk Arbitration Framework Reference.

Non-launchd Daemons

If your daemon has a dependency on a non-launchd daemon, you must take additional care to ensure that your daemon works correctly if that non-launchd daemon has not started when your daemon is started. The best way to do this is to include a loop at start time that checks to see if the non-launchd daemon is running, and if not, sleeps for several seconds before checking again.

Be sure to set up handlers for SIGTERM prior to this loop to ensure that you are able to properly shut down if the daemon you rely on never becomes available.

User Logins

In general, a daemon should not care whether a user is logged in, and user agents should be used to provide per-user functionality. However, in some cases, this may be useful.

To determine what user is logged in at the console, you can use the System Configuration framework, as described in Technical Q&A QA1133.

Kernel Extensions

If your daemon requires that a certain kernel extension be loaded prior to executing, you have two options: load it yourself, or wait for it to be loaded.

The daemon may manually request that an extension be loaded. To do this, run kextload with the appropriate arguments using exec or variants thereof. I/O Kit kernel extensions should not be loaded with kextload; the I/O Kit will load them automatically when they are needed.

Note: The kextload executable must be run as root in order to load extensions into the kernel. For security reasons, it is not a setuid executable. This means that your daemon must either be running as the root user or must include a helper binary that is setuid root in order to use kextload to load a kernel extension.

Alternatively, our daemon may wait for a kernel service to be available. To do this, you should first register for service change notification. This is further documented in I/O Kit Framework Reference.

After registering for these notifications, you should check to see if the service is already available. By doing this after registering for notifications, you avoid waiting forever if the service becomes available between checking for availability and registering for the notification.

Note: In order for your kernel extension to be detected in a useful way, it must publish a node in the I/O registry to advertise the availability of its service. For I/O Kit drivers, this is usually handled by the I/O Kit family.

For other kernel extensions, you must explicitly register the service by publishing a nub, which must be an instance of IOService.

For more information about I/O Kit services and matching, see IOKit Fundamentals, I/O Kit Framework Reference (user space reference), and Kernel Framework Reference (kernel space reference).

For More Information

The manual pages for launchd and launchd.plist are the two best sources for information about launchd.

In addition, you can find a source daemon accompanying the launchd source code (available from http://www.macosforge.org/). This daemon is also provided from the Mac Developer Library as the SampleD sample code project.

The Daemons and Agents technical note provides additional information about how launchd daemons and agents work under the hood.

Finally, many Apple-provided daemons support launchd. Their property list files can be found in /System/Library/LaunchDaemons. Some of these daemons are also available as open source from http://www.opensource.apple.com/ or http://www.macosforge.org/.

Copyright © 2003, 2016 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Policy Updated: 2016-09-13

Mac OS Leopard 10.5 is the sixth release by Mac OS for Apple’s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh computers. It is available in two editions: for desktop or personal computers and server version (Mac OS X Server). The retail price for the desktop version is $129 and $499 for the server version. It was released on October 26, 2007.

This is the final version of Mac OS X which can support the PowerPC structure as snow leopard function only on Intel-based Macs. The latest released is 10.5.8 (Build 9L31a) on August 13, 2009. Its kernel type is hybrid (XNU). This version is preceded by Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger and succeeded by Mac OS X snow leopard. It is the first operating system that has open-source BSD to be certified as fully UNIX cooperative.

Download: Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6 ISO and DMG file

License
Official Installer

File Size
7.8GB

Language
English

Developer
Apple Inc.

Tutorials: How to Clean Install Mac OS using a USB drive on Mac

New Features Added to Mac OS X Leopard 10.5

This new Mac OS Leopard 10.5 ISO comes with many new features like: 3d remodeling software free.

• An improved Automator is introduced. It can create and edit work with the new interface. A new feature ‘watch me do’ is introduced that record user action and reply as an action in a work. It can create more useful work with action for RSS feed, PDF manipulation and much more.

• It has the feature to access a file on their computer while far from home through the internet.
  
• It has a new group feature called stack which displays a file in a ‘fan’ style, ‘grid’ style and a ‘list’ style.
  
• It has redesign 3D dock.
  
• New dictionary in Japanese is introduced.
  
• The front row has been updated which closely resembles the interface of original Apple TV.
  
• Safari 3 is introduced which includes web clip.
  
• This version of Mac comes with an interesting feature called time machine. It allows the user to back up the deleted or replaced by another version of the file. Time machine does not make bootable copies of backed up the volume, it does not backup encrypted FileVault home dictionary until the user logout. It also does not back up to Airport Disc hard drives but this issue is been resolved on March 19, 2008 update.
  
• It doesn’t the support classic application.
  
• It comes with a total of 18 languages.
  
• It comes with Alexa voice to voice over and the Apple company assured that it is the most natural and understandable voice yet.
  
• A quick look is available which allows us to view the document without opening them in external software.
  
• An updated version of photo booth is introduced which allow us, user, to record video with real-time filter and blue/ green screen technology.
  
• It offers Objective-C 2.0 runtime, which has new features such as garbage collection

System requirements for this new version for Mac OS

To enjoy this version of Mac OS X, there are some basic requirements for a system like:

• If we are talking about the processor then we need an Intel processor or PowerPC of G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster).

• The DVD drive, internal or external for installation of the operating system.
  
• Minimum of 512MB of RAM is required for the proper functioning of the system. Additional of 1Gb of is recommended for development purpose.
  
• Minimum of 9 GB of the disc is required.

These are the features required for the general purpose.

For some features specific requirements in the Mac are :

• Time machine application needs an additional hard drive.
  
• For boot camp, a Mac with Intel processor and Windows XP service pack 2 or Windows Vista is required.
  
• 1.8GHz PowerPC G5 is required for the DVD player for improved de-interlacing.
  
• An insight camera (external or built-in), USB video class camera or Firewire DV camcorder, an Intel or PowerPC G5 processor is required for the photo booth.
  
• Audio chats required microphone and 56kbs speed of internet connection.

Technical details of Mac leopard 10.5

• Filename:- osx_leopard_10.5_install.iso
• File size :- 7.8 GB
• Developer:- Apple

To get this latest version of Mac

If we set our mind to upgrade our Mac with latest features then we have to upgrade our pc with Leopard 10.5. The ISO file is available on the official website as well as on the apple store. We have to decide what type of installation we require because it comes with three types of installation: Upgrade, Archive and Install, Erase and install.

Archive and install take the middle ground method. This installer moves all your data in one folder and then create a clean installation of OS X 10.5 Leopard. This method allows the user to get all their existing data including the user account. Installation of Leopard OS in the Mac, you have to boot from the Leopard install DVD.

Installation process step by step:

• First, we have to insert the OS X Leopard install DVD into Mac DVD drive.
• After that an install Mac OS X on display on the screen and we have to double click it.
• Click the restart button when the install Mac OS X open.
• Enter the administrator password and press the OK button.
• Mac will restart and boot from the installation DVD. Restarting from the DVD take some time, so be patient.

How To Get Mac OS Leopard on your Mac

Snow leopard comes with no option other than upgrade, but with few extra steps, we can perform erase and install. The ISO file is available at the Apple official website and also on apple store. For installation, there are some system requirements like

• An Intel Mac because it doesn’t support older PowerPC Macs.
• At Least 1GB of Ram is required to run the Snow Leopard.
• It requires 5GB of free space for installation in the system.
• A DVD drive is also required.

After gathering all the requirement, now it’s time to install the Snow Leopard in PC

• Prepare the PC for installation like backup data, repair drive errors and disc permission.
  
• Insert the Snow Leopard install DVD into the DVD drive.
  
• Then after double click the install ‘Mac OS X’ icon.
  
• Click the continue button after opening the Mac OS X Installer.
  
• Select the drive which has already OS X 10.5 installed.
  
• Click the customize button if we want to change anything to package.
  
• When we are ready to install with default application then click the install button.
  
• Enter the password and click the ‘OK’ button.
  
• Copy the core file and restart.